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8th Grade State Standards

Eighth Grade History Strands emphasize the historical foundations and democratic principles that framed our Constitution and led to our form of democracy.  The history of World War II to the contemporary world is also studied.



Strand 1:
American History
Strand 2:
World History
Strand 3:
Civics/Government
Strand 4:
Geography
Concept 1:  Research Skills for History
PO 1.  Construct charts, graphs, and narratives using historical data.
PO 2.   Interpret historical data displayed in graphs, tables, and charts.
PO 3.  Construct timelines (e.g., presidents/ world leaders, key events, people)
of the historical era being studied.
PO 4.   Formulate questions that can be answered by historical study and research.
PO 5.  Describe the difference between a primary source document and a secondary source
document and the relationships between them.
PO 6.  Determine the credibility and bias of primary and secondary sources
PO 7.  Analyze cause and effect relationships between and among individuals and/or historical events.
PO 8. Analyze two points of view on the same historical event.
_____________________

Concept 4:  Revolution and New Nation
(Note: The American Revolution was taught in Grade 5. The Foundations and Structure of American Government are taught in Grade 8, Strand 3.)
PO 1.  Analyze the following events which led to the American Revolution:
  • Tea Act
  • Stamp Act
  • Boston Massacre
  • Intolerable Acts
  • Declaration of Independence
PO 2.  Describe the significance of key events of the Revolutionary War:  
  • major battles (e.g., Lexington, Saratoga, Trenton)
  • aid from France
  • surrender at Yorktown
PO 3.  Describe the impact of the following key individuals on the Revolutionary War:
  • Benjamin Franklin
  • Thomas Jefferson
  • George Washington
  • Patrick Henry
  • Thomas Paine
  • King George III
PO 4.  Describe the significance of the following  documents:
  • Declaration of
       Independence
b.   Articles of Confederation
c.   Constitution
d.   Bill of Rights

PO 5.  Explain the influence of the following individuals in the establishment of a new government:
  • Thomas Jefferson
  • James Madison
  • John Adams
  • Benjamin Franklin
PO 6.  Describe how one nation evolved from thirteen colonies:
  • Constitutional Convention
  • George WashingtonÕs presidency
  • creation of political parties (e.g., Federalists,  Whigs, Democratic-Republicans)
Concept 8:  Great Depression and World War II
(Note: The Great Depression was taught in Grade 7 and World War II in Arizona was introduced in Grade 4.))
PO 1.  Review the impact of the Great Depression on the United States.
PO 2.  Explain how Pearl Harbor led to United States involvement in World War II.
PO 3.  Explain the impact of World War II on economic recovery from the Great Depression.
PO 4.  Explain how the following factors affected the U.S. home front during World War II:
  • war bond drives
  • war industry
  • women and minorities in the work force
  • rationing
  • internment of Japanese-, German-, and Italian -Americans


PO 5.  Describe ArizonaÕs contributions to the war effort:
a.   Native American Code
      Talkers
b.   Ira Hayes
c.   mining
d.   training bases
e.   POW and internment
      camps
PO 6.  Summarize the United StatesÕ role in the following events:
  • D-day invasion
  • battles of the Pacific
  • development and use of the atomic bomb
  • V-E Day / V-J Day
PO 7.  Analyze the following individualsÕ significance to World War II:
  • Franklin D. Roosevelt
  • Dwight Eisenhower
  • George Patton
  • Douglas MacArthur
  • Harry Truman
  • Eleanor Roosevelt
_________________
Concept 9:  Postwar United States    
PO 1.  Describe the following origins of the Cold War:
  • Western fear of communist expansion
  • Soviet fear of capitalist influences
  • development of nuclear weapons
  • Truman Doctrine
PO 2.  Describe the impact of the Cold War on the United States:
  • McCarthyism
  • arms race
  • space race
  • Cuban Missile Crisis
  • creation of the CIA
PO 3.  Identify the role of the United States in the Korean War:
  • Communist containment
  • military involvement
  • resolution of conflict
PO 4.  Identify the role of the United States in the Vietnam Conflict:
  • containment of Communism Ð Domino Theory
  • Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
  • Tet Offensive
  • anti-war protests
  • Vietnam Peace Accords
PO 5.  Describe life (e.g., transportation, communication, technology, medical, entertainment, growth of suburbs) in the U.S. during the Post War period.
PO 6.  Describe the importance of the following civil rights issues and events:
  • Jim Crow Laws
  • nonviolent protests
  • desegregation
  • Civil Rights Act of 1964
  • Voting Rights Act of 1965
_________________
Concept 10:  Contemporary United States
PO 1.  Describe events (e.g., opening of foreign relations with China, Watergate, resignation) of the presidency of Richard Nixon.
PO 2.  Describe events (e.g., succession to presidency, pardoning of Nixon) of the presidency of Gerald Ford.
PO 3.  Describe events (e.g., Camp David Peace Accords, Iran Hostage Crisis) of the presidency of Jimmy Carter.


PO 4.  Describe events (e.g., Star Wars, Iran-Contra Affair) of the presidency of Ronald Reagan.
PO 5.  Describe events (e.g., Persian Gulf War, Berlin Wall falls) of the presidency of George H.W. Bush.
PO 6.  Describe events (e.g., economic growth, impeachment) of the presidency of William Clinton.
PO 7.  Describe events (e.g., September 11 Terrorist Attacks, Afghanistan, Iraq War) of the presidency of George W. Bush.
PO 8.  Describe current events using information from class discussions and various resources (e.g., newspapers, magazines, television, Internet, books, maps).
PO 9.  Identify the connection between current and historical events and issues studied at this grade level using information from class discussions and various resources (e.g., newspapers, magazines, television, Internet, books, maps).
PO 10.  Describe how key political, social, geographic, and economic events of the late 20th century and early 21st century affected, and continue to affect, the United States.















Concept 1:  Research Skills for History
PO 1.  Construct charts, graphs and narratives using historical data.
PO 2.   Interpret historical data displayed in graphs, tables, and charts.
PO 3.  Construct timelines (e.g., presidents/ world leaders, key events, people) of the historical era being studied.
PO 4.  Formulate hhhscquestions that can be answered by historical study and research.
PO 5.  Describe the difference between a primary source document and a secondary source document and the relationships btw them.
PO 6.  Determine the credibility and bias of primary and secondary sources
PO 7.  Analyze cause and effect relationships between and among individuals and/or historical events.
PO 8. Analyze two points of view on the same historical event.
______________________







Concept 8:  World at War
(Note:  WW I was taught in Grade 7.)
PO 1.  Review the rise of totalitarianism in Europe following World War I.
PO 2.  Analyze the major causes of World War II:
  • a. aggressive search for
   resources by Japan
  • b. political  ideologies of           
  •     Fascism and Nazism
c. resentment toward the
   Treaty of Versailles
PO 3.  Trace the series of invasions and conquests in the European and Pacific Theaters in World War II.
PO 4.  Describe the following events leading to the Allied victory:
  • D-Day Invasion
  • Battle of the Bulge
  • Japanese defeat in Iwo Jima and Okinawa
  • atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
PO 5.  Describe how racism and intolerance contributed to the Holocaust.
PO 6.  Summarize each of the following outcomes of World War II:
  • redrawing of political boundaries in Europe
  • tensions leading to Cold War
  • formation of the United Nations
  • beginning of atomic age
  • rebuilding of Japan
PO 7.  Compare the rebuilding of Japan with the rebuilding of Germany following World War II.
PO 8.  Describe the following events resulting from World War II:
  • Nuremburg Trial
  • Marshall Plan
  • NATO / Warsaw Pact
  • creation of United Nations
  • creation of Israel
PO 9.  Describe the spread of Communism after World War II:
  • China Ð Mao Tse-tung and Chinese Revolution
  • Korea Ð 38th parallel and division of country
  • Cuba Ð Fidel Castro and Cuban Missile Crisis
  • Vietnam Ð Ho Chi Minh
PO 10.  Describe the impact of the Cold War (i.e., creation of the Iron Curtain, arms race, space race) that led to global competition.
PO 11.  Describe the following events of the Korean War:
  • Chinese involvement
  • U.N. police actions
  • containment of Communism
  • partition of Korea at the 38th Parallel
PO 12.  Describe how the following impacted the Vietnam War:
  • historical relationship of China and Vietnam
  • French Indochina War
  • containment of Communism
  • Ho Chi Minh Trail
  • conflict resolution



PO 13.  Examine the fall of Communism and the unification of European nations:
  • Germany Ð reunification, Berlin Wall torn down
  • Russia Ð Gorbachev, Glasnost and Perestroika
  • Union of Soviet Socialist Republics  Ð  countries regained independence
  • European Union formed
PO 14.  Describe the following events in the Middle East during the 20th and 21st centuries:
  • creation of Israel
  • conflicts between Israeli and Palestinian governments
  • Camp David Peace Treaty
  • Persian Gulf War
  • Iraq War
PO 15.  Compare independence movements in various parts of the world (e.g., India/ Pakistan, Latin America, Africa, Asia) during the 20th century.
PO 16.  Examine human rights issues during the 20th century (e.g., Apartheid, genocide, famine, disease).
__________________
Concept 9: Contemporary World
PO 1.  Describe current events using information from class discussions and various resources (e.g., newspapers, magazines, television, Internet, books, maps).





PO 2.  Identify the connection between current and historical events and issues studied at this grade level using information from class discussions and various resources (e.g., newspapers, magazines, television, Internet, books, maps).
PO 3.  Analyze how world events of the late 20th century and early 21st century affected, and continue to affect, the social, political, geographic, and economic climate of the world (e.g., terrorism, globalization, conflicts, interdependence, natural disasters, advancements in science and technology and environmental issues).

Concept 1:  Foundations of Government
PO 1.  Describe how the following philosophies and documents influenced the creation of the Constitution:
  • Magna Carta
  • English Bill of Rights
  • MontesquieuÕs separation of power
  • John LockeÕs theories Ð natural law, social contract
  • Mayflower Compact
  • Declaration of Independence
  • Articles of Confederation
PO 2.  Analyze the purpose (e.g., weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation) and outcome (e.g., compromises) of the Constitutional Convention.
PO 3. Analyze the struggle (e.g., FederalistsÕ Papers, Bill of Rights) between the federalists and the anti-federalists over the ratification of the Constitution. __________________








Concept 2:  Structure of Government
PO 1.  Describe the following principles on which the Constitution (as the Supreme Law of the Land) was founded:
  • federalism (i.e., enumerated, reserved, and concurrent powers)
  • popular sovereignty  
  • Separation of Powers
  • checks and balances
  • limited government
  • flexibility (i.e., Elastic Clause, amendment process)
PO 2.  Differentiate the roles and powers of the three branches of the federal government.
PO 3.  Explain the electoral process (e.g., primary and general elections, electoral college).
PO 4.  Explain how a candidate can be elected president (e.g., Adams-Jackson, Hayes-Tilden, Bush-Gore) without receiving a majority of popular vote.
PO 5.  Describe the line of succession to the presidency as stated in the 25th Amendment.
_____________________










Concept 3:  Functions of Government
PO 1.  Compare the ways the federal and Arizona governments operate:
  • three branches
  • Constitution
  • election process (e.g., congressional and legislative districts, propositions, voter registration)
PO 2.  Compare the process of how a bill becomes a law at the federal and state level.
PO 3.  Describe the following forms of direct democracy in Arizona:
  • initiative
  • referendum
  • recall process
PO 4.  Compare the roles and relationships of different levels of government (e.g., federal, state, county, city/town, tribal).
PO 5.  Describe the significance of the Amendments to the Constitution.
PO 6.  Compare the adult and juvenile criminal justice systems.
PO 7.  Summarize the significance of the following Supreme Court cases:
  • Marbury v. Madison
  • Plessy v. Ferguson
  • Brown v. Board of Education
  • Gideon v. Wainright   
  • Miranda v. Arizona
  • Korematsu v. United
      States





PO 8.  Describe the impact of the following executive orders and decisions:
a.  Executive Order 9066 Ð   
     creation of internment
    camps on U.S. soil
b.  Manhattan Project
c.  use of Atomic Bomb
PO 9.   Describe the impact that the following Acts had on increasing the rights of groups and individuals:
a.  Civil Rights Act of 1964
b.  Voting Rights Act of
     1965
c.  Indian Rights Act of
     1968
d.  Americans with
     Disabilities Act
__________________
Concept 4:  Rights, Responsibilities, and Roles of Citizenship
PO 1.  Describe the benefits of community service.
PO 2.  Discuss the character traits (e.g., respect, responsibility, fairness, involvement) that are important to the preservation and improvement of constitutional democracy in the United States
PO 3.  Describe the importance of citizens being actively involved in the democratic process (i.e., voting, student government, involvement in political decision making, analyzing issues, petitioning public officials).






PO 4. Explain the obligations and responsibilities of citizenship:
  • upholding the Constitution
  • obeying the law
  • paying taxes
  • registering for selective service
  • jury duty
PO 5.  Describe the impact that the following had on rights for individuals and groups:
  • Jim Crow Laws Ð literacy test, poll taxes, Grandfather Clause
  • Civil Rights Movement (i.e., Martin Luther King, Jr., Rosa Parks)
  • desegregation - military, schools, transportation, sports
  • United Farm Workers (i.e., César Chavez)
  • National Organization for Women (NOW) Ð Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
_____________________
Concept 5: Government Systems of the World
(Note: Students were introduced to different forms of government in Grades 6 and 7.)
PO 1.  Compare the different world governments and ideologies:
  • dictatorship
  • totalitarian (fascist, Nazis)
  • democracy
  • Socialism
  • Communism






PO 2.  Explain U.S. and world foreign policies leading to the Cold War:
  • Truman Doctrine
  • NATO
  • Warsaw Pact
  • Marshall Plan
PO 3.  Identify U.S. and world foreign policies (e.g., economic sanctions, arms reduction agreements) resulting from the Cold War.
Concept 1:  The World in Spatial Terms
--------------PO 1.  Construct maps, charts, and graphs to display geographic information.
PO 2.  Identify purposes and differences of maps, globes, aerial photographs, charts, and satellite images.
PO 3.  Interpret maps, charts, and geographic databases using geographic information.
PO 4.  Locate physical and cultural features (e.g., continents, cities, countries, bodies of water, landforms, mountain ranges, climate zones) throughout the world.
PO 5.  Interpret thematic maps, graphs, charts, and databases depicting various aspects of the United States and world regions. (Apply to regions studied.)
__________________













Concept 2:   Places and Regions
PO 1.  Identify common characteristics of contemporary and historical regions on the basis of climate, landforms, ecosystems, and culture.
PO 2.  Explain the factors that contribute to political and social change in various world regions (e.g., USSR/Russia, Israel, European Union, China, Korea, Germany).
PO 3.  Examine relationships and interactions (e.g., Middle East Conflicts, NATO, European Union) among regions.
PO 4.  Identify how the role of the media, images, and advertising influences the perception of a place.
PO5.  Describe how a place changes over time. (Connect with content studied.)
_____________________
Concept 3:  Physical Systems
(Science Strands are summarized below as they apply to Social Studies content in Grades K-8. These concepts are reinforced in Social Studies classes, but assessed through Science.)
Connect with:
Science Strand 3 Concept 1 Analyze risk factors of and possible solutions to chemical and biological hazards.
_____________________






Concept 4:  Human Systems
PO 1.  Identify the push and pull factors (e.g., economic conditions, human rights conditions, famines, political strife/wars, natural disasters, changes in technology) that drive human migrations.
PO 2.  Describe the effects (e.g., economic, environmental, cultural, political) of human migrations on places and regions.
PO 3.  Describe the characteristics and locations of various cultures throughout the world.
PO 4.  Identify the factors (e.g., breakup of USSR, unification of Germany, cheap labor forces, outsourcing of services, oil industry) that influence the location, distribution and interrelationships of economic activities in different regions. PO 5.  Explain how cooperation contributes to political, economic, and social organization (e.g., United Nations, European Union, NAFTA).
PO 6.  Describe the aspects of culture (e.g., literacy, occupations, clothing, property rights) related to beliefs and understandings that influence the economic, social, and political activities of men and women.
PO 7.  Describe how changes in technology, transportation, communication, and resources affect economic development.
__________________




Concept 5:  Environment and Society
PO 1.  Describe how (e.g., deforestation, desertification) humans modify ecosystems.
PO 2.  Describe why (e.g., resources, economic livelihood) humans modify ecosystems.
PO 3.  Explain how changes in the natural environment can increase or diminish its capacity to support human activities.
PO 4.  Explain how technology positively and negatively affects the environment.
PO 5.  Analyze changing ideas and viewpoints on the best use of natural resources (e.g., value of oil, water use, forest management).
PO 6.  Explain how societies and governments plan for and respond to natural disasters (e.g., evacuation routes, changing farming techniques,   warning systems).
___________________
Concept 6:  Geographic Applications
PO 1.  Describe ways geographic features and conditions influence history.
(Connect to time periods studied as well as current events.)
PO 2.  Describe ways different groups of people (i.e., Native Americans, Hispanics, retirees) create and shape the same environment.
PO 3.  Use geographic knowledge and skills (e.g., recognizing patterns, mapping, graphing) when discussing current events.

Concept Descriptors

Strand 1: American History
A study of American History is integral for students to analyze our national experience through time, to recognize the relationships of events and people, and to interpret significant patterns, themes, ideas, beliefs, and turning points in Arizona and American history.  Students will be able to apply the lessons of American History to their lives as citizens of the United States.
Concept 1:  Research Skills for History
Historical research is a process in which students examine topics or questions related to historical studies and/or current issues. By using primary and secondary sources effectively students obtain accurate and relevant information. An understanding of chronological order is applied to the analysis of the interrelatedness of events. These performance objectives also appear in Strand 2: World History. They are intended to be taught in conjunction with appropriate American or World History content, when applicable.
Concept 2:  Early Civilizations    Pre 1500
The geographic, political, economic and cultural characteristics of early civilizations made significant contributions to the later development of the United States.
Concept 3:  Exploration and Colonization    1500s Ð 1700s
The varied causes and effects of exploration, settlement, and colonization shaped regional and national development of the U.S.
Concept 4:  Revolution and New Nation    1700s Ð 1820
The development of American constitutional democracy grew from political, cultural, and economic issues, ideas, and events.
Concept 5:  Westward Expansion   1800 Ð 1860      
Westward expansion, influenced by political, cultural, and economic factors, led to the growth and development of the U.S.
Concept 6:  Civil War and Reconstruction    1850 Ð 1877
Regional conflicts led to the Civil War and resulted in significant changes to American social, economic, and political structures.
Concept 7:  Emergence of the Modern United States    1875 Ð 1929
Economic, social, and cultural changes transformed the U.S. into a world power.
Concept 8:  Great Depression and World War II    1929 Ð 1945
Domestic and world events, economic issues, and political conflicts redefined the role of government in the lives of U.S. citizens.
Concept 9:  Postwar United States    1945 Ð 1970s
Postwar tensions led to social change in the U.S. and to a heightened focus on foreign policy.
Concept 10:  Contemporary United States    1970s Ð Present
Current events and issues continue to shape our nation and our involvement in the global community.



Strand 2: World History
A study of World History is integral for students to analyze the human experience through time, to recognize the relationships of events and people, and to interpret significant patterns, themes, ideas, beliefs, and turning points in American and world history.  Students should be able to apply the lessons of World History to their lives as citizens of the United States and members of the world community.
Concept 1:  Research Skills for History
Historical research is a process in which students examine topics or questions related to historical studies and/or current issues. By using primary and secondary sources effectively students obtain accurate and relevant information. An understanding of chronological order is applied to the analysis of the interrelatedness of events. These performance objectives also appear in Strand 1: American History. They are intended to be taught in conjunction with appropriate American or World History content, when applicable.
Concept 2:  Early Civilizations
The geographic, political, economic and cultural characteristics of early civilizations significantly influenced the development of later civilizations.
Concept 3:  World in Transition
People of different regions developed unique civilizations and cultural identities characterized by increased interaction, societal complexity and competition.
Concept 4:  Renaissance and Reformation
The rise of individualism challenged traditional western authority and belief systems resulting in a variety of new institutions, philosophical and religious ideas, and cultural and social achievements.
Concept 5:  Encounters and Exchange
Innovations, discoveries, exploration, and colonization accelerated contact, conflict, and interconnection among societies world wide, transforming and creating nations.
Concept 6:  Age of Revolution
Intensified internal conflicts led to the radical overthrow of traditional governments and created new political and economic systems.
Concept 7:  Age of Imperialism
Industrialized nations exerted political, economic, and social control over less developed areas of the world.
Concept 8:  World at War
Global events, economic issues and political ideologies ignited tensions leading to worldwide military conflagrations and diplomatic confrontations in a context of development and change.
Concept 9:  Contemporary World
The nations of the contemporary world are shaped by their cultural and political past.  Current events, developments and issues continue to shape the global community.

Strand 3: Civics/Government
The goal of the civics strand is to develop the requisite knowledge and skills for informed, responsible participation in public life; to ensure, through instruction, that students understand the essentials, source, and history of the constitutions of the United States and Arizona, American institutions and ideals (ARS 15-710).  Students will understand the foundations, principles, and institutional practices of the United States as a representative democracy and constitutional republic.  They will understand the importance of each person as an individual with human and civil rights and our shared heritage in the United States.  Students will understand politics, government, and the responsibilities of good citizenship. Citizenship skills include the capacity to influence policies and decisions by clearly communicating interests and the ability to build coalitions through negotiation, compromise, and consensus.  In addition, students will learn that the United States influences and is influenced by global interaction.
Concept 1:  Foundations of Government
The United States democracy is based on principles and ideals that are embodied by symbols, people and documents.
Concept 2:  Structure of Government
The United States structure of government is characterized by the separation and balance of powers.
Concept 3:  Functions of Government
Laws and policies are developed to govern, protect, and promote the well-being of the people.
Concept 4:  Rights, Responsibilities, and Roles of Citizenship
The rights, responsibilities and practices of United States citizenship are founded in the Constitution and the nationÕs history.
Concept 5: Government Systems of the World
Different governmental systems exist throughout the world. The United States influences and is influenced by global interactions.    

Strand 4:  Geography
The goal of the geography strand is to provide an understanding of the human and physical characteristics of the EarthÕs places and regions and how people of different cultural backgrounds interact with their environment.  Geographic reasoning is a way of studying human and natural features within a spatial perspective.  Through the study of geography, students will be able to understand local, national, regional, and global issues.  Students will interpret the arrangement and interactions of human and physical systems on the surface of the Earth.  As these patterns have changed over time and are important to governments and economies, geographic reasoning will enhance studentsÕ understanding of history, civics, and economics.
Concept 1:  The World in Spatial Terms
The spatial perspective and associated geographic tools are used to organize and interpret information about people, places and environments.
Concept 2:   Places and Regions
Places and regions have distinct physical and cultural characteristics.
Concept 3:  Physical Systems
Physical processes shape the Earth and interact with plant and animal life to create, sustain, and modify ecosystems.   These processes affect the distribution of resources and economic development.  Science Strands are summarized as they apply to Social Studies content in Grades K-8.  In High School, the Performance Objectives are a summary of skills and content for grades 9 -12.  These concepts are reinforced in Social Studies classes, but assessed through Science.
Concept 4:  Human Systems
Human cultures, their nature, and distribution affect societies and the Earth.
Concept 5:  Environment and Society
Human and environmental interactions are interdependent upon one another.    Humans interact with the environment- they depend upon it, they modify it; and they adapt to it.  The health and well-being of all humans depends upon an understanding of the interconnections and interdependence of human and physical systems.
Concept 6:  Geographic Applications
Geographic thinking (asking and answering geographic questions) is used to understand spatial patterns of the past, the present, and to plan for the future.      

Strand 5: Economics
The goal of the economics strand is to enable students to make reasoned judgments about both personal economic questions and broader questions of economic policy.  Students will develop an economic way of thinking and problem solving to understand and apply basic economic principles to decisions they will make as consumers, members of the workforce, citizens, voters, and participants in a global marketplace.  This will prepare students to weigh both short-term and long-term effects of decisions as well as possible unintended consequences. The study of economics explains historical developments and patterns, the results of trade, and the distribution of income and wealth in local, regional, national, and world economies.  Students will be able to analyze current issues and public policies and to understand the complex relationships among economic, political, and cultural systems.
Concept 1:  Foundations of Economics
The foundations of economics are the application of basic economic concepts and decision-making skills.  This includes scarcity and the different methods of allocation of goods and services.
Concept 2:  Microeconomics
Microeconomics examines the costs and benefits of economic choices relating to individuals, markets and industries, and governmental policies.  
Concept 3:  Macroeconomics
Macroeconomics examines the costs and benefits of economic choices made at a societal level and how those choices affect overall economic well being.
Concept 4:  Global Economics
Patterns of global interaction and economic development vary due to different economic systems and institutions that exist throughout the world.
Concept 5:  Personal Finance
Decision-making skills foster a personÕs individual standard of living.  Using information wisely leads to better informed decisions as consumers, workers, investors and effective participants in society.




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